Public private partnerships in healthcare sector in middle income Literature review

Public private partnerships in healthcare sector in middle income countries - Literature review Example As well, theoretical as well as empirical studies point to the potential contribution of private sector to reforms aimed at improving the quality and accessibility of health systems. The focus of the study is the increased focus of public-private partnerships (PPP) as a way of increasing capital finance as well as improving the efficiency and quality of service provision in low and middle-income countries. The partnership involves the public sector entering into long-term contract with private sector in order to enable the public sector access private capital for building and renovating health facilities and agreeing to deliver services over the contract period. Such contracts are designed and agreed upon some pre-determined specifications of the required outputs and define the financial, working and clinical standards, which the private sector has to meet. In low and middle-income nations, governments remain the ultimate funder of health care by making periodic payments to private s ector in return for services delivered (Hellowell, 2012 p.71). Public-private partnership is an institutional arrangement built on foundation of fresh public management that claims objectives such as improved efficiency, quality as well as competition of public sector services. In striving to achieve these objectives, PPP aims at achieving value for money while reducing the demands on the state budget by involving the private sector in provision of traditional infrastructure services like health care. Adoption of PPP policy within industrialized nations is often viewed as a tool for further development of public services, while its application in developing nations is a way for reducing poverty and improving the service offered to citizens in such nations. Early 1990s PPPs policy was widely adopted in industrialized nations like USA, UK and Australia; nevertheless, this policy has been diffused in developing nations (Appuhami, Perera & Perera, 2011, p.431). The approach of PPP is at tractive to developing countries that often experience macro-economic problems like poor infrastructure that burden the government budgets and excessive government budget. State-based healthcare service provision and private sector health services have existed together in various low and middle-income nations for decades with many nations having a huge portion of healthcare spending paid by the state. Private providers are heterogonous made up of formal business entities like independent hospitals, informal entities that include unlicensed providers as well as non-profit and non-governmental organizations (Basu, Andrews, Kishore, Panjabi & Stuckler, 2012, p.3). Various studies have disaggregated consumption of health care by income levels and appeared to show that the private sector mainly provide health services to more affluent populations. In the emerging economies, some nations are taking bold steps with the PPP’s by indulging the private sector in both infrastructures re newal and delivery of clinical services in the integrated partnership. Health care is a labour-intensive industry where clinical and ancillary services absorb most the expenditure allotted to many health systems; therefore integrating clinical services with provision of capital infrastructure in PPP offer unique opportunity for

The idea of facades across a range of texts Essay -- essays research p

The poem ‘The Ballad of Calvary Street’ by James Baxter, the film ‘American Beauty’ (directed by Sam Mendes and released in 1999), and the play ‘An Inspector Calls’ written by J.B. Priestley and performed at Circa Theatre in 2005, are all texts that share a similar theme. Although these three texts are different in terms of authorship and the medium through which the significant messages are communicated, what the texts do have in common is that they all convey ideas about how facades and superficial images of family life only lead to soullessness and domestic disorder. The unique approach that each text takes to this issue heightens the impact of the texts in every case, and allows the discussion of facades to become more pertinent in a time when domestic problems still mar our society. Baxter’s poem, ‘The Ballad of Calvary Street’, satirises the concept of facades and fake family life by ironically using religious imagery, and by utilising figurative language and clever diction to develop a rounded depiction of the sad characters at the heart of the poem. The poem discusses firstly the trellises that line Calvary Street (an image which conventionally would symbolise happy domestic life), and mentions the flowers that bloom â€Å"as bright as blood†. In addition to being an insidious suggestion that there is violence beneath the veneer of this seemingly respectable society, this phrase also alludes to the crucifixion of Christ. This is confirmed by the line that later describes the house as â€Å"an empty tomb†. This evocative metaphor hints that the house is a place of depression and emotional soullessness, and again links this home to the story of Christ; however, Baxter is comparing this house to Christ’s story only ironic ally. Through the use of religious language, Baxter is able to sardonically indicate that the values of forgiveness and compassion so often connected to The Bible and religion are nowhere to be found in this unhappy home. To emphasise that religion plays no role in this distorted version of family life, Baxter intersperses the religious language with mundane descriptions (for instance, he writes, â€Å"the afternoon goes, goes by, while angels harp above a cloud †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) to show that spirituality – and indeed, all ideas of ethics and morality – are forsaken in this barren location. Baxter tells in the poem of how â€Å"two old souls go slowly mad†, and const... ...ley play ‘An Inspector Calls’ all scrutinise the nature of domestic life, and the facades that are developed to hide the true problems of our society. ‘The Ballad of Calvary Street’ looks at the manner in which individuality and excitement are suppressed by the maintenance of such a faà §ade, and emphasises that domestic relationships are devoid of any spirituality or ethical framework. ‘American Beauty’ focuses on the advantages of breaking free from the constraints of the faà §ade, and emphasises the freedom and openness that can be achieved once the duties of the faà §ade are forgone. ‘An Inspector Calls’ analyses the way a faà §ade can crumble when there is pressure and confusion to reveal people who are not as respectable as they seem. The issue of facades is very relevant to our society, at a time when, in New Zealand at least, domestic abuse and divorce are still pernicious problems. The issue is often explored across a range of texts and could even be argued to be a clichà © in current times. However, the uncompromising and honest manner in which these texts address the issue makes the concept of facades so intriguing and fresh, and causes these texts to gain added power and impact.

Dantes Inferno

The Inferno is more than just a fictional story about someone traveling through life. It is actually more like an autobiographical journey of life through its author, Dante Alighieri’s. He basically wrote with the personal purpose of recording where all of the people he came in contact within his life, will go when they die. This could be one of three places; Hell, Purgatory, or Heaven. He went on to design specific, fitting punishments or rewards based on each person’s life. Dante then tied this all together and made himself a character that walks the entire length of the abstracted world.Written in the early 1300s by an angry Dante living in exile, he literally describes a man who has been trapped, and must find a way to escape. He also includes the hidden Renaissances darkness, and the people who are Manipulating. As Dante passes through the depths of hell he begins to see sins that would be punished and tortured in medieval times to the same acts that are displayed in the era of the Renaissance, and yet are treated differently. The Renaissances era that had a lot of influence on Dante and the journey through hell.Whether they were someone that betrayed him in his political career or the girl that he fell in love with when he was 9 years old, he found a way to integrate them into the Inferno. It’s not hard to notice that in the symbols, Dante considers trust and loyalty to be one of the most important human characteristics. He basically felt this way due to the point that he was betrayed and exiled away from his beloved homeland, by the pope. It is because of this that he places offenders of breaking these at the center of hell. Dante was exiled from Florence in 1302 and this is where his feelings that helped structured the story.When he comes out of the dark forest Dante is blocked by the three beasts. The beasts are a lion, a leopard, and wolf. The lion is seen to poses pride, the leopards' role is that of lust and the wolf represents is greed. The three ferocious beasts have three of the seven deadly sins. Canto 3 started the read when Dante comes to himself again and realizes he is lost in a dark, savage, threatening forest deep in a valley. He tries all night to find a way out; when he comes to the foot of a high hill and his way is blocked by three beasts.He thinks he's going to get past the leopard that comes first, but the lion is more fearsome, and the wolf drives him back, despairing, to the dark wood. He then sees a human shape and calls out for help. It is the shade of Virgil, When researched he was the great Roman poet of the time of the emperor Augustus, where he as a poet has learned so much, and Dante begs him for help against the wolf. Virgil tells him that the wolf is too fierce to get by, that she is ravaging all of Italy, and will do so until the person comes who can chase her back to Hell.But Virgil promises to get him out of the dark wood, not by taking him past the beasts, but by leading him through Hell. Once he has seen those who suffer in Hell, Virgil will lead him up the mountain of Purgatory, where souls become ready for eternal bliss, and then someone else will take over and lead him up to Heaven. Virgil can't go there because, living before Christianity had spread, and he was not a Christian. Dante accepts Virgil's guidance through hell, and they set out. The first circle he sees was beings that where not good enough to go to heaven, or bad enough to join the bottom of hell.As the reading continued I realized it also showed that the angles had a choice between heaven and hell, which made it different from anything I have read from the past. Canto 5, is when he first enters the Second Circle, Dante sees Minos, a horrible, snarling demon to whom each soul confesses everything. Minos warns Dante to turn back, but Virgil again asserts that Dante's journey is divinely ordained. Dante hears wailing again. Spirits pass through the air like a flock of birds, tormented by Minos; they have no hope of rest, and no hope of less pain. One long line of spirits gets Dante's attention, and he asks Virgil who they are.Virgil replies to him, all having died because of love, and Dante is bewildered by pity. Canto 34 is in the deepest depth of Hell, the lowest point in the whole universe. Virgil lets Dante know that he is about to see the being who is the ruler of Hell. Dante looks through the sadness and sees something that looks huge and like a windmill in the distance. The wind is strong, and he has to shelter himself behind Virgil. In the icy plain beneath them the souls are now completely buried in the ice, through which he sees them. When they get closer, Virgil makes Dante come out from behind him and look at Satan.Dante is so frozen and weak he feels neither dead nor alive, but he looks. There is the being who was once the fairest angel in Heaven, Lucifer, who rebelled against the one and only God who had made him so fair. Who was once beautiful but ug ly now from where he sits, he is much bigger than the giants Dante saw at the outer edge of the deepest pits. His head has three faces, one red, one white and yellow, one black. Two big bat wings sprout under each face, and it is the flapping of those wings that made the ice of Cocytus. He weeps tears and blood from each of his six eyes, and in each mouth he chews on a sinner.Virgil having seen everything, they must go. Dante holds tight to Virgil, with his arms around Virgil's neck, and Virgil goes right up to Satan and takes hold of his flanks, which are covered with hair. From tuft to tuft he descends to the midpoint of Satan's body, and then manages to turn himself upside down and start climbing. They reach a cleft in the rock and there Virgil puts Dante down on the edge. Dante looks back, and there are Lucifer's legs upside down. Dante is utterly bewildered. Virgil explains that the midpoint of Satan's body is the center of gravity of the earth.The story also reminds me of Reve lations more than just the relation of Rome. It is the same idea of describing others who have live into a different situation or character. Both Authors must have had similar feeling towards the groups, they both had hatred and wanted revenge. They describe the groups for who they were as a character that nobody would like. Dante Had made people change their family name, because he had shown a lot about the person to others, just because a relative was in the poem. He needed something to help him relived all the hatred he carried with him self; the Poem did not spike me as a comedy but more of a drama.

Reflective Writing Sports s Psychology By Writing This...

Yet another semester is coming to an end, which means it’s time for final exams and end of the semester projects. I decided to end my journey though Sport’s Psychology by writing this individual synthesis project. Throughout this paper I will refer back to Reflective Writing Number Four, where I interview an outstanding performer with my questions focusing on three main concepts. These concepts are self-confidence, goal setting, and imagery. In this paper I am going to go into greater depth on the concepts themselves, as well as how the athlete applied the concepts to his performance. The performer that I chose to interview was Anthony Jay Montanez (A. J.). A. J. is currently a student here at UW who, within the last year, ended his career as a college shot and discus thrower. In middle school he became a Junior National Champion in the javelin. During his time in high school, he was a much decorated athlete. He was a four-year letter winner in football, indoor track, a nd outdoor track. After high school he went to Montana State University in Billings on a full ride track scholarship going for a degree in History Education. During his first year there, as a true freshman, he placed in the top four in his conference. Due to a coaching change the following year, he redshirted. During his redshirt sophomore year, he was the runner up in his conference. After his three years there, he decided to transfer to the University of Wyoming and was going to be on the track team. HeShow MoreRelated2010 Secondary Education Curriculum in English6955 Words   |  28 Pages the refinement of the secondary education curriculum was guided by the need, as articulated in the Education for All Plan 2015, to streamline its content in order to improve student mastery and contribute to the attainment of functional literacy. 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Interpreting A Treatise Concerning The Principles Of...

Coursework 1: Reading a text 1. Interpreting ‘’A TREATISE CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE’’-GEORGE BERKELEY I am referring to the human knowledge as ideas, either gained through our senses (sight, taste, smell, touch and hearing), or by the operations of the mind, or as a combination of these two types with the intervention of memory and imagination. We can say that a collection of our senses creates ideas, and a collection of ideas constitutes an object. For instance, if we are thinking about a red-yellowish, round, sweet-sour and succulent object we might constitute the idea of an apple as one might perceive it. Therefore, we can say that our minds perceive these ideas as objects through complex sensations, and not the material representation of them, and a particular object arouses a specific set of emotions upon human beings. But for the idea, in order to be perceived, there needs to be a perceiver, perhaps the mind, soul or spirit, which validates the existence of the idea by sensing it, being the source of our reality. If there wasn’t any entity to perceive an idea, then it would not exist. If we consider the mind as the creator of what we name reality, then we can attribute to the object the ability to be perceived, and therefore to exist. There is no evidence of a material world, however I will not deny the existence of a world independent of us, all I claim is that there is no such a place outside the mind. As when we talk about objects we are talkingShow MoreRelated Interpreting The French Revolution Essay1759 Words   |  8 Pagesassault on Versailles as well as the use of the guillotine defined the spirit and historical meaning of the French Revolution. Due to the significance of the tumultuous political and social overhaul that took place, many stances have been taken on interpreting the revolution. The ideas formed regarding the interpretation of the causes and effects of the French Revolution are important in understanding the birth of new political ideologies that changed the landscape of European political order. ConservativeRead MoreHuman Understanding As A Means By The World Can Be Understood Objectively Essay2416 Words   |  10 Pagesexists independently of perception (Brock and Mares, 2007, p. 34). Philosophers identify a ‘perceptual barrier’ preventing knowledge of whether or not what can be perceived is an accurate or literal representation of the true nature of reality; a barrier known in philosophical discourse as the â€Å"veil-of-perception† (Bennett, 1968, p. 98). 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My Personality Traits Of A Nurse - 1725 Words

Ever since I was a young child I have wanted to be a nurse. The older I have gotten, the feeling of wanting to be a nurse has only gotten stronger. When I began to work in a hospital and was constantly surrounded by nurses, I was often asked what type of nurse I would want to be. This was a question that I had never had a definite answer for, as I had always just known that I wanted to be a nurse. In completing this career research report I have been able to explore multiple careers that I may be interested in in the nursing field. I have learned the importance of looking into what personality traits would be required for a job that I would be interested in and comparing those personality traits to traits that I already possess. I†¦show more content†¦The minimum schooling requirement for a nursing program is a bachelor s degree in both education and nursing. The duties of a nursing professor would be to plan lessons, teach students, and supervise students while they w ere working in a clinical setting. Nursing professors often are required to work long hours due to the fact that they have to accompany nursing students while the students complete their clinical hours (â€Å"Nursing Instructors†). Nursing professors earn a much higher salary than a typical teacher but less money than a nurse. The average pay is around $60,000 dollars a year. The outlook for this job is a 14 percent growth in the next 10 years, which is a much higher growth rate than most other jobs (â€Å"Nursing Professor†). The typical workplace environment for people with this job would be on a college campus and in a hospital setting. While it is possible to work as both a nursing professor and a nurse at the same time, many nursing professors report that they spend all of their spare time planning lessons for their student and grading their students assignments (â€Å"Nursing Instructors†). Something that surprised me about this job is that on top of teaching classes, nursing professors also have to attend their student’s clinicals. Prior to doing this career report I assumed that students would either go to their clinicals alone and have a manager report to their teacher or that their would be a different person inShow MoreRelatedCareer Goals For Registered Nurses851 Words   |  4 PagesOutlining Your Career Goals Registered nurses work alongside physicians providing patient care in a variety of ways. 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The difference between someone who is a great leader and someone who is a good leader is the poss ession of certain qualities that help establish strong leadershipRead MoreA Pyramid Of Leadership Success1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Pyramid of Leadership Success in Nursing The trait theory of leadership supports the claim that some people are endowed with certain characteristics that make them more capable of being a good leader than others (Zaccaro, 2007). The difference between someone who is a great leader from someone who is a good leader is the possession of certain qualities that help establish a strong sense of leadership. One of the greatest leaders known in the sports world is John Wooden, a basketball player, andRead MoreA Pyramid Of Leadership Success1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Pyramid of Leadership Success in Nursing The trait theory of leadership supports the claim that some people are endowed with certain characteristics that make them more capable of being a good leader than others (Zaccaro, 2007). The difference between someone who is a great leader from someone who is a good leader is the possession of certain qualities that help establish a strong sense of leadership. One of the greatest leaders known in the sports world is John Wooden, a basketball player, andRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pagesinterpersonal, and self-reported assessment instrument based on Jungian theories of personality types. This instrument measures personal differences in the psychological preferences of four domains. These domains include obtaining energy and motivation, processing information, making decisions, and interacting with surrounding people or situations (Aranda, Tilton, 2013). According to the MBTI in Human-metric personality test, my scores were 12% (E) extroverted thinking more than introverted, 57% (N) intuitiveRead MoreLeadership Style And Personality Traits1252 Words   |  6 Pagesexisting. To be an effective leader, I feel I must be willing to commit to lifelong learning and building skills. Equally important, among the use of various evaluation tools, I have come to understand my leadership style and personality traits which will help me to become a more effective leader in my organization. Leadership Style Assessment Participative leadership style has also been known as democratic leadership which is typically the most effective leadership style. According to Ferraris (2015)Read MoreThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator Essay1230 Words   |  5 Pagesinto their inherent personality traits. For some people, they have had prior knowledge or underlying assumptions about their personality, but this test provides clearer information about each of their identifiable traits. According to the MBTI in Human-metric personality test, my scores were 22% (E) extroverted thinking more than introverted, 9% (N) intuitive as oppose to sensing, 16% (T) thinking more than feeling, and 12% (J) judging as compared to perceiving. Thus, my personality type is ENFJ. TheRead MoreInnate Characteristics Of The Trait Theory In Nursing1725 Words   |  7 PagesTrait Theories The Trait Theory is based on the innate characteristics that a leader should have in order to lead successfully. For example, sense of humor, caring, and friendly. People in the Trait Theory have to show certain qualities when they communicate and these qualities have to remain constant in different environments. Kessler, E. H. (Ed.) (2013). Encyclopedia of management theory (Vols. 1-2). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781452276090 Kim, M. (2009). Trait theoryRead MoreBecoming A Nurse At The Age Of 17845 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"inherit† a career. Some go to school and later decide on one. As for me, I always knew that I wanted to become a nurse. It brings me great joy seeing others smile, and being able to help them. Since I was younger, I was always the â€Å"go to† person when it came to helping. Whether it be household chores, homework or projects, coaching tee-ball, or mentoring at the girls and boys club. My â€Å"calling† so to speak, appeared when I had the opportunity to join the Air Force at the age of 17. I was put on theRead MoreA Reflection On The Nursing Profession995 Words   |  4 PagesAsking someone to depict a nurse, what will they tell you? The stance that the nursing profession is icomposed of angelic people in starched white uniforms, primarily women, whose main focus was patient care and following doctor’s orders. This image, though iconic and attractive to some, is not accurate when applied to modern nurses. These people need and have far more capabilities, knowledge and education, as well as, the caring personality and character traits befitting one charged with the

Introduction to children and young people Free Essays

These include rooting, sucking, swallowing, grasping, and stepping ND startle reflex. Babies are helpless when they are born and they don’t have very much muscular co-ordination. They are able to focus their eyes very quickly and follow sound from side to side as well as being able to cry and make gurgling sounds Soon the muscles begin to strengthen and babies start to control their movements. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to children and young people or any similar topic only for you Order Now This allows them to begin exploring their environment and learn how their world operates. Physical control and co-ordination progress downwards, beginning with the head and moving through the neck, trunk arms and the legs. Muscle control 0-3 years: 2 Months – able to raise head when lying on stomach Months- can grasp objects using whole hand 6 Months- Can sit up without support 8 Months – Can start to crawl 12 Months – can walk without help 18 Months- Can climb stairs and run but often falls 2 Years – Can controls muscles which allow for toilet training and can climb on furniture and kick a ball but not yet catch one 3 Years- can Jump and ride a tricycle Intellectual – means the development of the mind and lets us to recognize, remember, reason, know and understand thing around us. We also develop communication skills which allow us to make ourselves understood and to develop relationships. As children interact with the environment they slowly organism their thoughts and develop a set of Reposes for dealing with the world. These become adapted as new experiences occur giving us all a better understanding of our world. Language development is another part of intellectual development; children should know at least six works by 18 months. Most one-years-olds should be able to name simple objects and by the age of two most are able to put two or three words together into a simple sentence. By the age of three, most speech should be understandable and children should be able to speak in complete sentences. Emotional- at the age of one babies are able to learn about the effect their behavior has on their parents/guardians and can express emotions through tears, laugher and facial expressions At two years of age toddlers are known for their temper tantrums â€Å"terrible two’s† as they struggle to express how they feel. They are able to show things to a certain degree, which is often expressed through play. At the age of three, children are more sensitive to others feelings and will share their toys with others and take it in turns to play with toys. They are interested in having friends and his is often when children start nursery or playgroup Social – Social development is similar to emotional development, young children from friendships and tends to show preferences for particular people. Language skills are important in the development of this relationship and, as children develop, they are more able to express their feeling verbally. Contact between ages is part of a normal family life and children benefit from spending time with both older and young people. Most children start nursery at this age and this provides an opportunity for them to share time with different age groups. Childhood 3- 11 years physical- growth continues really fast during childhood, although not as fast as in the first three years, and body proportions as beginning to be more adult-like. Gross and fine motor skills are becoming more advanced, like tying shoes, making and decorating a cake, playing football, building a musical instrument, throwing a ball and gymnastics Intellectual – as children get older they are able to do more logical activities. That begins to understand different concepts but often need to actually see concrete objects in order to understand them. As a child progresses through this tag they become fluent in language and may develop a good vocabulary. They become able to construct sentences and use grammar well. Moral development is something that begins during this phase. This is the process by which children take on rules and expectations of the society in which they brought up and develop a sense of right and wrong Emotional – as children progress through this stage they begin to lose the bounds with their main careers although they still need their support. They begin to be more independent and start to develop a sense of ‘sense’ Most of our emotional responses are learned from our parents/guardians. All children learn to control of their emotional Reposes and to resolve conflict and parents/guardians should praise them when this occurs while trying to understand the temper tantrums of frustration that do occur. Children begin to show signs of compassion and empathy and again careers need to encourage this. During this stage children also develop the ability to talk about their feelings. Even at a young age children will say things such as ‘l feel sad’ or ‘that makes me happy’. Social- as children develops into social beings they go through what us termed oscillations. Primary solicitation takes place within the family although there as many different types of family. Relationship with people outside the family becomes more important as children move through this stage. Teenagers 11-19 years Physical- at puberty, chemicals in your body called hormones trigger many changes, including growth spurts and weight increases, and boys and girls begin to change and look different as they grow into young woman and men. Intellectual- ideas about religions and politics may also begin to think about as their minds become more complex. Long term memory develops which enables teens to study for pass exams. Adolescents are able to start thinking about possibilities for both their immediate and long-term futures and plan ahead. Decisions such as whether or not to continue in education or to go out to work may be options for some. Emotional- often teenagers alternate from behaving like children and then behaving as adults. They also often feel misunderstood and may challenge parental value, deliberately pushing against boundaries which are often perceived as too restrictive or controlling. Teenagers become less dependent on family for emotional support and urn to their friends for advice, which is called influence of a peer group. Young people want to be accepted by their friends and this can sometimes lead to difficult situations, affecting both self-esteem and self-concept. Social- social and emotional developments are intertwined. As teenagers gain independence, they spend more time with friends. This allows them to practice social skills. As teenagers turn more to their peers they often struggle because they want to be liked. Peer recognition is very important and things like the types of clothes and interest that are followed become significant. Peer pressure can also present difficulties as it can challenge many of the ideas learned from families. This can be a period during which problems can start by experimenting with alcohol, sexual orientation and attitudes toward education. 2. Know the factors that affect children and young people’s development 2. 1 identify the factors that affect children’s and young people development to include: Background health environment Income- An income is the amount of money an individual has pay to provide everything they need in there life. This usually comes from paid employment or infinite an individual may receive from the government. Housing- where your life affects a lot of an individual’s growth and development, some people live in cities, towns, some live in the suburbs and some live in rural areas. There are different types of places that you live in that can affect your health and wellbeing. Housing standards have improved a lot in the I-J but there are still people who live in poor housing. Environment- as well as the type of home you live in, the local environment and your community also affect your growth and development. Other environmental actors can include living in overcrowded areas with no recreation spaces, living close to busy roads which are noisy, living near sources of pollution or living a long way from health and welfare services. Many areas have high crime areas which is very dangerous and stressful Education- education affects development mainly because it affects Job opportunities. Higher educational achievement usually gives individuals more choice of the types of career or employment they can follow in the I-J, education is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16, although many people study ended the age. Culture- people are categorized by themselves and others in different ways for example, race, social class, ethnicity or religion. Sometimes this can lead to stereotyping and people may make generalizations about other based on, for example, the types of clothing they wear. Gender- gender stereotypes as also reinforces by the types of Job people are directed to. For example, the health and social care sector is mainly staffed by woman although today many more men are choosing Jobs in this area. Once in working there are employment laws against discrimination. 3. Know how to support children and young people’s development. . 1 outline different ways to support children and young people’s development to include; physical development communication intellectual development social, emotional and behavioral development Play is a big role in children’s and young people’s development. There are different ways in using language, verbal ways which are to question, c larify, describe, explain and debate. There is also nonverbal ways to communicate, like listening, looking and touching. Talking to your child, tell your child what is going to happen for example now we’re going to have a bath. When we are dry, we’ll get dressed â€Å"parents can start reading with simple board books and longer stories as their child gets older. Story times where they can use their imagination and have input in their stories are also effective. Music is also good play to young children; they will interact with the music by dancing and try to sing to the words. When they listen to lively songs or rhymes they learn about the world around them and the rhythm of language. Repeat their statements back to them with correct words. Give your child lots of praise for heir efforts. Physical Children develop at different rates while some are naturally late bloomers and others are ahead, there are things parents can do to encourage and support a child’s physical development. Encourage your child to move from one place to another, play games with them, run around a playground or sports field, and climb things. Intellectual Encourage your child to find out what he likes to do and answer your child’s questions when you can. As they grow older, many children lose their curiosity. Make sure your child eats well, stay active and gets proper amounts of sleep. Provide an opportunity to learn musical instruments or practice some form of performing arts. Reading will help your child’s mind grow. Social, emotional and behavior development Children often struggle with expressing their feelings; they need help knowing how to appropriately manage their feelings. Using language to identify, label and respect. It can also be helpful to tell and show young children other ways to manage like pounding clay, drawing pictures, and telling stories about how they are feeling. Helping to find appropriate ways to express emotions. How to cite Introduction to children and young people, Papers