Interpreting A Treatise Concerning The Principles Of...

Coursework 1: Reading a text 1. Interpreting ‘’A TREATISE CONCERNING THE PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE’’-GEORGE BERKELEY I am referring to the human knowledge as ideas, either gained through our senses (sight, taste, smell, touch and hearing), or by the operations of the mind, or as a combination of these two types with the intervention of memory and imagination. We can say that a collection of our senses creates ideas, and a collection of ideas constitutes an object. For instance, if we are thinking about a red-yellowish, round, sweet-sour and succulent object we might constitute the idea of an apple as one might perceive it. Therefore, we can say that our minds perceive these ideas as objects through complex sensations, and not the material representation of them, and a particular object arouses a specific set of emotions upon human beings. But for the idea, in order to be perceived, there needs to be a perceiver, perhaps the mind, soul or spirit, which validates the existence of the idea by sensing it, being the source of our reality. If there wasn’t any entity to perceive an idea, then it would not exist. If we consider the mind as the creator of what we name reality, then we can attribute to the object the ability to be perceived, and therefore to exist. There is no evidence of a material world, however I will not deny the existence of a world independent of us, all I claim is that there is no such a place outside the mind. As when we talk about objects we are talkingShow MoreRelated Interpreting The French Revolution Essay1759 Words   |  8 Pagesassault on Versailles as well as the use of the guillotine defined the spirit and historical meaning of the French Revolution. Due to the significance of the tumultuous political and social overhaul that took place, many stances have been taken on interpreting the revolution. The ideas formed regarding the interpretation of the causes and effects of the French Revolution are important in understanding the birth of new political ideologies that changed the landscape of European political order. ConservativeRead MoreHuman Understanding As A Means By The World Can Be Understood Objectively Essay2416 Words   |  10 Pagesexists independently of perception (Brock and Mares, 2007, p. 34). Philosophers identify a ‘perceptual barrier’ preventing knowledge of whether or not what can be perceived is an accurate or literal representation of the true nature of reality; a barrier known in philosophical discourse as the â€Å"veil-of-perception† (Bennett, 1968, p. 98). In 1689 Locke wrote An Essay Concerning Human Understanding as a means of explaining this barrier, using a theory categorised by philosophers as â€Å"a form of representationalRead MoreRene Descartes: French Mathematician and Philosopher Essay1855 Words   |  8 PagesRene Descartes: An Author Study Rene Descartes was a 17th Century mathematician and French Philosopher whose lifes work focused on providing a new prospective on the human perception of reality. The definition of this reality is seen as Descartes greatest life goal. Coined as the Father of Modern Philosophy, (Cunningham Reich, 2010, p. 385), Descartes laid the groundwork the philosophy and reality as we perceive it today. Descartes autobiography, Discourse on the Method of Rightly ConductingRead MoreWritten Sources13656 Words   |  55 Pagesof the past or to create a complete and accurate picture of what happened in the past on such aspects as politics, economy, society, culture, religion and art. Their task is not easy and obviously, studying early Indian history also follows this principle. In fact, sources of ancient Indian history are complicated, especially in the case of the written sources, so they need to be examined carefully. In the scope of my study, I will focus on two groups which are as follow s: the analyzing and criticizingRead MoreWritten Sources13665 Words   |  55 Pagesof the past or to create a complete and accurate picture of what happened in the past on such aspects as politics, economy, society, culture, religion and art. Their task is not easy and obviously, studying early Indian history also follows this principle. In fact, sources of ancient Indian history are complicated, especially in the case of the written sources, so they need to be examined carefully. In the scope of my study, I will focus on two groups which are as follows: the analyzing and criticizingRead MoreEthics and Related Philosophies4468 Words   |  18 PagesI. DEFINITION OF ETHICS Rushworth Kidder  states that standard definitions of  ethics  have typically included such phrases as the science of the ideal human character or the science of moral duty . Ethics, sometimes known as  philosophical ethics,  ethical theory,  moral theory, and  moral philosophy, is a branch ofphilosophy  that involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong  conduct, often addressing disputes of  moral diversity.  The term comes from the Greek wordRead MorePolitical Philosophy and Plato Essay9254 Words   |  38 Pagesgroup to determine their underlying beliefs and the extent of their knowledge. The Socratic method is a negative method of hypothesis elimination, in that better hypotheses are found by steadily identifying and eliminating those that lead to contradictions. It was designed to force one to examine ones own beliefs and the validity of such beliefs. In fact, Socrates once said, I know you wont believe me, but the highest form of Human Excellence is to question oneself and others. Philosophical beliefs Read MoreLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 PagesÅžtefan Afloroaei / Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism† Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism†: Excesses in interpreting a classic* Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi Abstract The article focuses on one of the most serious accusations brought against Descartes and modern philosophy, namely â€Å"the dualism of substance†. The accusers claim that the human body and soul were viewed as completely separate; consequently, their relationship as such and the united being of man become incomprehensible. AsRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagesrecasting of an essay would have meant destroying what I regard as its inner core of truth. Thus in the essay on The Changing Function of Historical Materialism we can still hear the echoes of those exaggeratedly sanguine hopes that many of us cherished concerning the duration and tempo of the revolution. The reader should not, therefore, look to these essays for a complete scientific system. Despite this the book does have a definite unity. This will be found in the sequence of the essays, which for thisRead MoreCorporate Irresponsibility and Corporate Social Responsibility: Competing Realities7010 Words   |  29 Pagesattributes that are believed to make up CSR and suggest it involves: . . . proactive community involvement, philanthropy, corporate governance, corporate citizenship, addressing of social issues, a commitment to the quality of its products and services, human rights, health, safety and the environment. . . Carroll (1979, 1991) and Wood (1991) have contributed to building deï ¬ nitions of the different levels at which organisations respond to their corporate social responsibilities. These levels of responsibility

My Personality Traits Of A Nurse - 1725 Words

Ever since I was a young child I have wanted to be a nurse. The older I have gotten, the feeling of wanting to be a nurse has only gotten stronger. When I began to work in a hospital and was constantly surrounded by nurses, I was often asked what type of nurse I would want to be. This was a question that I had never had a definite answer for, as I had always just known that I wanted to be a nurse. In completing this career research report I have been able to explore multiple careers that I may be interested in in the nursing field. I have learned the importance of looking into what personality traits would be required for a job that I would be interested in and comparing those personality traits to traits that I already possess. I†¦show more content†¦The minimum schooling requirement for a nursing program is a bachelor s degree in both education and nursing. The duties of a nursing professor would be to plan lessons, teach students, and supervise students while they w ere working in a clinical setting. Nursing professors often are required to work long hours due to the fact that they have to accompany nursing students while the students complete their clinical hours (â€Å"Nursing Instructors†). Nursing professors earn a much higher salary than a typical teacher but less money than a nurse. The average pay is around $60,000 dollars a year. The outlook for this job is a 14 percent growth in the next 10 years, which is a much higher growth rate than most other jobs (â€Å"Nursing Professor†). The typical workplace environment for people with this job would be on a college campus and in a hospital setting. While it is possible to work as both a nursing professor and a nurse at the same time, many nursing professors report that they spend all of their spare time planning lessons for their student and grading their students assignments (â€Å"Nursing Instructors†). Something that surprised me about this job is that on top of teaching classes, nursing professors also have to attend their student’s clinicals. Prior to doing this career report I assumed that students would either go to their clinicals alone and have a manager report to their teacher or that their would be a different person inShow MoreRelatedCareer Goals For Registered Nurses851 Words   |  4 PagesOutlining Your Career Goals Registered nurses work alongside physicians providing patient care in a variety of ways. A few examples of what nurses are responsible for include: administering medications, tracking patient’s vital signs, helping to diagnose and properly treat patient aliments and educating the patient and their family on their condition and the course of treatment. Depending on what area of medicine a nurse works in will determine more generalized and specific duties and responsibilitiesRead MoreThe Trait Theory Of Leadership1739 Words   |  7 PagesThe trait theory of leadership supports the claim that some people are endowed with certain characteristics that make them more capable of being a good leader than others (Zaccaro, 2007). Trait theory can be defined as the range of qualities that can consistently differentiate a non-leader from someone who is an effective leader (Zaccaro, 2007). The difference between someone who is a great leader and someone who is a good leader is the poss ession of certain qualities that help establish strong leadershipRead MoreA Pyramid Of Leadership Success1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Pyramid of Leadership Success in Nursing The trait theory of leadership supports the claim that some people are endowed with certain characteristics that make them more capable of being a good leader than others (Zaccaro, 2007). The difference between someone who is a great leader from someone who is a good leader is the possession of certain qualities that help establish a strong sense of leadership. One of the greatest leaders known in the sports world is John Wooden, a basketball player, andRead MoreA Pyramid Of Leadership Success1703 Words   |  7 PagesA Pyramid of Leadership Success in Nursing The trait theory of leadership supports the claim that some people are endowed with certain characteristics that make them more capable of being a good leader than others (Zaccaro, 2007). The difference between someone who is a great leader from someone who is a good leader is the possession of certain qualities that help establish a strong sense of leadership. One of the greatest leaders known in the sports world is John Wooden, a basketball player, andRead MoreThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pagesinterpersonal, and self-reported assessment instrument based on Jungian theories of personality types. This instrument measures personal differences in the psychological preferences of four domains. These domains include obtaining energy and motivation, processing information, making decisions, and interacting with surrounding people or situations (Aranda, Tilton, 2013). According to the MBTI in Human-metric personality test, my scores were 12% (E) extroverted thinking more than introverted, 57% (N) intuitiveRead MoreLeadership Style And Personality Traits1252 Words   |  6 Pagesexisting. To be an effective leader, I feel I must be willing to commit to lifelong learning and building skills. Equally important, among the use of various evaluation tools, I have come to understand my leadership style and personality traits which will help me to become a more effective leader in my organization. Leadership Style Assessment Participative leadership style has also been known as democratic leadership which is typically the most effective leadership style. According to Ferraris (2015)Read MoreThe Myers Briggs Type Indicator Essay1230 Words   |  5 Pagesinto their inherent personality traits. For some people, they have had prior knowledge or underlying assumptions about their personality, but this test provides clearer information about each of their identifiable traits. According to the MBTI in Human-metric personality test, my scores were 22% (E) extroverted thinking more than introverted, 9% (N) intuitive as oppose to sensing, 16% (T) thinking more than feeling, and 12% (J) judging as compared to perceiving. Thus, my personality type is ENFJ. TheRead MoreInnate Characteristics Of The Trait Theory In Nursing1725 Words   |  7 PagesTrait Theories The Trait Theory is based on the innate characteristics that a leader should have in order to lead successfully. For example, sense of humor, caring, and friendly. People in the Trait Theory have to show certain qualities when they communicate and these qualities have to remain constant in different environments. Kessler, E. H. (Ed.) (2013). Encyclopedia of management theory (Vols. 1-2). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: 10.4135/9781452276090 Kim, M. (2009). Trait theoryRead MoreBecoming A Nurse At The Age Of 17845 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"inherit† a career. Some go to school and later decide on one. As for me, I always knew that I wanted to become a nurse. It brings me great joy seeing others smile, and being able to help them. Since I was younger, I was always the â€Å"go to† person when it came to helping. Whether it be household chores, homework or projects, coaching tee-ball, or mentoring at the girls and boys club. My â€Å"calling† so to speak, appeared when I had the opportunity to join the Air Force at the age of 17. I was put on theRead MoreA Reflection On The Nursing Profession995 Words   |  4 PagesAsking someone to depict a nurse, what will they tell you? The stance that the nursing profession is icomposed of angelic people in starched white uniforms, primarily women, whose main focus was patient care and following doctor’s orders. This image, though iconic and attractive to some, is not accurate when applied to modern nurses. These people need and have far more capabilities, knowledge and education, as well as, the caring personality and character traits befitting one charged with the

Introduction to children and young people Free Essays

These include rooting, sucking, swallowing, grasping, and stepping ND startle reflex. Babies are helpless when they are born and they don’t have very much muscular co-ordination. They are able to focus their eyes very quickly and follow sound from side to side as well as being able to cry and make gurgling sounds Soon the muscles begin to strengthen and babies start to control their movements. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to children and young people or any similar topic only for you Order Now This allows them to begin exploring their environment and learn how their world operates. Physical control and co-ordination progress downwards, beginning with the head and moving through the neck, trunk arms and the legs. Muscle control 0-3 years: 2 Months – able to raise head when lying on stomach Months- can grasp objects using whole hand 6 Months- Can sit up without support 8 Months – Can start to crawl 12 Months – can walk without help 18 Months- Can climb stairs and run but often falls 2 Years – Can controls muscles which allow for toilet training and can climb on furniture and kick a ball but not yet catch one 3 Years- can Jump and ride a tricycle Intellectual – means the development of the mind and lets us to recognize, remember, reason, know and understand thing around us. We also develop communication skills which allow us to make ourselves understood and to develop relationships. As children interact with the environment they slowly organism their thoughts and develop a set of Reposes for dealing with the world. These become adapted as new experiences occur giving us all a better understanding of our world. Language development is another part of intellectual development; children should know at least six works by 18 months. Most one-years-olds should be able to name simple objects and by the age of two most are able to put two or three words together into a simple sentence. By the age of three, most speech should be understandable and children should be able to speak in complete sentences. Emotional- at the age of one babies are able to learn about the effect their behavior has on their parents/guardians and can express emotions through tears, laugher and facial expressions At two years of age toddlers are known for their temper tantrums â€Å"terrible two’s† as they struggle to express how they feel. They are able to show things to a certain degree, which is often expressed through play. At the age of three, children are more sensitive to others feelings and will share their toys with others and take it in turns to play with toys. They are interested in having friends and his is often when children start nursery or playgroup Social – Social development is similar to emotional development, young children from friendships and tends to show preferences for particular people. Language skills are important in the development of this relationship and, as children develop, they are more able to express their feeling verbally. Contact between ages is part of a normal family life and children benefit from spending time with both older and young people. Most children start nursery at this age and this provides an opportunity for them to share time with different age groups. Childhood 3- 11 years physical- growth continues really fast during childhood, although not as fast as in the first three years, and body proportions as beginning to be more adult-like. Gross and fine motor skills are becoming more advanced, like tying shoes, making and decorating a cake, playing football, building a musical instrument, throwing a ball and gymnastics Intellectual – as children get older they are able to do more logical activities. That begins to understand different concepts but often need to actually see concrete objects in order to understand them. As a child progresses through this tag they become fluent in language and may develop a good vocabulary. They become able to construct sentences and use grammar well. Moral development is something that begins during this phase. This is the process by which children take on rules and expectations of the society in which they brought up and develop a sense of right and wrong Emotional – as children progress through this stage they begin to lose the bounds with their main careers although they still need their support. They begin to be more independent and start to develop a sense of ‘sense’ Most of our emotional responses are learned from our parents/guardians. All children learn to control of their emotional Reposes and to resolve conflict and parents/guardians should praise them when this occurs while trying to understand the temper tantrums of frustration that do occur. Children begin to show signs of compassion and empathy and again careers need to encourage this. During this stage children also develop the ability to talk about their feelings. Even at a young age children will say things such as ‘l feel sad’ or ‘that makes me happy’. Social- as children develops into social beings they go through what us termed oscillations. Primary solicitation takes place within the family although there as many different types of family. Relationship with people outside the family becomes more important as children move through this stage. Teenagers 11-19 years Physical- at puberty, chemicals in your body called hormones trigger many changes, including growth spurts and weight increases, and boys and girls begin to change and look different as they grow into young woman and men. Intellectual- ideas about religions and politics may also begin to think about as their minds become more complex. Long term memory develops which enables teens to study for pass exams. Adolescents are able to start thinking about possibilities for both their immediate and long-term futures and plan ahead. Decisions such as whether or not to continue in education or to go out to work may be options for some. Emotional- often teenagers alternate from behaving like children and then behaving as adults. They also often feel misunderstood and may challenge parental value, deliberately pushing against boundaries which are often perceived as too restrictive or controlling. Teenagers become less dependent on family for emotional support and urn to their friends for advice, which is called influence of a peer group. Young people want to be accepted by their friends and this can sometimes lead to difficult situations, affecting both self-esteem and self-concept. Social- social and emotional developments are intertwined. As teenagers gain independence, they spend more time with friends. This allows them to practice social skills. As teenagers turn more to their peers they often struggle because they want to be liked. Peer recognition is very important and things like the types of clothes and interest that are followed become significant. Peer pressure can also present difficulties as it can challenge many of the ideas learned from families. This can be a period during which problems can start by experimenting with alcohol, sexual orientation and attitudes toward education. 2. Know the factors that affect children and young people’s development 2. 1 identify the factors that affect children’s and young people development to include: Background health environment Income- An income is the amount of money an individual has pay to provide everything they need in there life. This usually comes from paid employment or infinite an individual may receive from the government. Housing- where your life affects a lot of an individual’s growth and development, some people live in cities, towns, some live in the suburbs and some live in rural areas. There are different types of places that you live in that can affect your health and wellbeing. Housing standards have improved a lot in the I-J but there are still people who live in poor housing. Environment- as well as the type of home you live in, the local environment and your community also affect your growth and development. Other environmental actors can include living in overcrowded areas with no recreation spaces, living close to busy roads which are noisy, living near sources of pollution or living a long way from health and welfare services. Many areas have high crime areas which is very dangerous and stressful Education- education affects development mainly because it affects Job opportunities. Higher educational achievement usually gives individuals more choice of the types of career or employment they can follow in the I-J, education is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16, although many people study ended the age. Culture- people are categorized by themselves and others in different ways for example, race, social class, ethnicity or religion. Sometimes this can lead to stereotyping and people may make generalizations about other based on, for example, the types of clothing they wear. Gender- gender stereotypes as also reinforces by the types of Job people are directed to. For example, the health and social care sector is mainly staffed by woman although today many more men are choosing Jobs in this area. Once in working there are employment laws against discrimination. 3. Know how to support children and young people’s development. . 1 outline different ways to support children and young people’s development to include; physical development communication intellectual development social, emotional and behavioral development Play is a big role in children’s and young people’s development. There are different ways in using language, verbal ways which are to question, c larify, describe, explain and debate. There is also nonverbal ways to communicate, like listening, looking and touching. Talking to your child, tell your child what is going to happen for example now we’re going to have a bath. When we are dry, we’ll get dressed â€Å"parents can start reading with simple board books and longer stories as their child gets older. Story times where they can use their imagination and have input in their stories are also effective. Music is also good play to young children; they will interact with the music by dancing and try to sing to the words. When they listen to lively songs or rhymes they learn about the world around them and the rhythm of language. Repeat their statements back to them with correct words. Give your child lots of praise for heir efforts. Physical Children develop at different rates while some are naturally late bloomers and others are ahead, there are things parents can do to encourage and support a child’s physical development. Encourage your child to move from one place to another, play games with them, run around a playground or sports field, and climb things. Intellectual Encourage your child to find out what he likes to do and answer your child’s questions when you can. As they grow older, many children lose their curiosity. Make sure your child eats well, stay active and gets proper amounts of sleep. Provide an opportunity to learn musical instruments or practice some form of performing arts. Reading will help your child’s mind grow. Social, emotional and behavior development Children often struggle with expressing their feelings; they need help knowing how to appropriately manage their feelings. Using language to identify, label and respect. It can also be helpful to tell and show young children other ways to manage like pounding clay, drawing pictures, and telling stories about how they are feeling. Helping to find appropriate ways to express emotions. How to cite Introduction to children and young people, Papers

Work Force the Solution to the Talent Shortage

Question: Discuss about the Work Force the Solution to the Talent Shortage. Answer: Introduction This report emphasizes on the human resource issue described in the news article named Is the retired work force the solution to the talent shortage in Australia. There is a presence of shortage of skilled workforce in Australia. The news article emphasizes that majority of the workforce consider that the ageism factor is the obstacle in their career development. From the survey carried out with 4500 global job seekers for the purpose of gaining knowledge regarding the attitudes of the candidates towards job search and career progression, it is found out that Australians consider ageism as the major obstacle in career progression in comparison to Americans and British candidates. Approximately 37% of Australians consider ageism as a key barrier which has to be overcome for the purpose of progress of the professional career of the candidates (HCA, 2016). Although, age is considered as a key barrier among candidates in a global context but among Australians, it is a major barrier in the progress of the career of the candidate. Besides this, the companies which consider broad spectrum of age to provide job to candidates are able to attain competitive advantage over other players in the market (Freyens, 2010). Majority of the companies in Australia has put a barrier to provide job to a candidate who is old and have large experience as there is a requirement to fulfill the diverse needs of diverse workforce. This results in making required changes in the organization which is prohibited by the executives of different firms (Tarique Schuler,2010). There is a presence of large number of unretirees or boomerang workers that can fill open positions in the businesses which helps in prevention of the problem of limited talent in the country. These people helps in achieving the common goal of the business in an effective manner as they have experience to carry out different business operations in an effective manner. Providing employment to such people will help in overcoming the problem of talent shortage in the country. Employers should also gain knowledge regarding the preferences of the workforce due to presence of generational gap between the employees (Dychtwald, et al.2006). This is because employers try to fill the vacant positions in the organizations by employing old people. The companies which make necessary adjustments in the business practices and culture can gain benefits from providing employment to old and experienced people in the business. Companies resist making and implementing changes in the work environment as per the needs and requirements of old people due to which they restrict the selection of the older people in the organization (Burke,2015). Identification of the human resource issue and its relation with the theories and models The main issue faced by the companies in Australia is the shortage of talent in the country. Employers in Australia find difficulty in filling of the job vacancies due to presence of limited skilled labor in the country. The main reason behind is that there is a presence of lack of experience, available applicants and hard skills in the candidates due to which, companies fid difficulty in filling of the vacant positions. In order to fill the positions, companies restrict the selection of the retired or old people in the company as there is a presence of inter generational differences which has to be eliminated by the leaders of the organization to gain competitive advantage over other players in the market. In addition to this, rapid changes have been taking place in the business environment for which there is a need to upgrade the skill set of the old employees for which there is a need to provide training to them (Stanley, 2010). In context to this, Maslows need theory is appropriate. This is because the Maslow has categorize the needs into five categories which has to be fulfilled by the employers in order to gain high level of employee satisfaction. Fulfillment of the needs results in increasing the level of motivation of the employees in the organization. The five categories of needs include physiological needs, safety needs, love or belonging needs, self esteem needs and self actualization needs. In case of retirees and old people the basic and psychological needs are fulfilled but they are willing to fulfill their esteem needs which include gaining recognition and feeling of accomplishment (Heilmann, 2010). Besides this, old people and retirees are willing to fulfill their self fulfillment needs which include achievement of full potential of themselves. In addition to this, employers are unable to fulfill the self actualization needs of the older people as there is a requirement of providing training to them for the purpose of upgrading their skills in order to attain competitive advantage in the market. Employers find difficult in reducing the intergenerational gap that exists between retirees and young people. The main reason behind it is that the businesses have to implement change in the organization in various aspects such as procedures and policies. Besides this, the country also facing difficulties in filling of the job vacancies through young people as there is a lack of required skills in young people such as hard skills, soft skills, and lack of experience (Dychtwald, et al. 2006). There is also an occurrence of age discrimination at every facet of Australian society. The companies are required to fill the job positions by selecting old people as it results in increasing the productivity of the companies. In addition to this, companies are also reducing the number of older workers due to which older employees find it difficult to re-enter the workforce as they are unable to maintain their previous standard of living. The main reason behind it is that they are under paid in the organization. This the reason that the country is facing the situation of the talent shortage. Once the old employee left the job then it finds difficulty in gaining employment at the same rewards as in the previous workplace due to which, they find difficulty in fulfilling their physiological needs and are less motivated to provide high productivity (Smith, 2008). Employees invest money in keeping them younger as they have the fear that the employers regarded them as older at young age and retire them from the job. Thus, they find difficulty in getting other job with same benefits. Besides this, the other theory which is appropriate in this context is Herzbergs motivation-hygiene theory. This theory states that there are certain factors which are responsible for satisfaction and dissatisfaction of the employees from the job. In Australia, the employees are selected on the basis of their age due to which older people are dissatisfied by their jobs due to certain factors such as salary, security, company policies, relationship with peers and supervisors and so on (Phillips Roper, 2009). In order to overcome the problem of talent shortage in the organizations there is a need for the employers to give emphasis on selecting and providing jobsa to old people whoi have experience and knowledge relevant to the job. As per the theory, the factors responsible for satisfaction and dissatisfaction are separate from each other (Burke, 2015). Recommendations It is recommended that the companies should provide employment to retirees as they have knowledge and experience relevant to the job positions which results in increasing the productivity and profitability of the companies. In addition to this, for the purpose of mitigating the problem of talent shortage in the country, it is requisite for the businesses to collaborate with the universities and educational institutions in order to gain skilled employees who can help in increasing the productivity of the organizations. Besides this, organizations should also provide training to the employees for the purpose of upgrading the skills of the existing employees. In addition to this, the companies should bring changes in the policies and programs in order to provide friendly environment to employees by reducing the intergenerational differences (Beechler Woodward, 2009). The company should provide fringe benefits to the employees in order to attract more and more candidates towards the organization. In order to fulfill the shortage of talent in the organization through selection of the retirees and old people, it is requisite to revise the hiring and screening processes and establish different policies such as retirement and benefits policy in a careful manner. It is also requisite for the companies to provide supportive work environment to all its employees which facilitates in increasing their motivation level and commitment towards the organization (Pillay, Kelly Tones, 2010). This helps in increasing the productivity of the companies and help in attaining a competitive edge over other players in the market. In addition to this, provision of effective training sessions helps in spreading awareness regarding the workforce discrimination occurred in the organization. Such training sessions help in improving the behavior of the employees towards the situation (Ashiedu Ladd, 2012). References Burke, R.J. (2015). The Multi-generational and Aging Workforce: Challenges and Opportunities. Edward Elgar Publishing. Dychtwald, K. et al. (2006). Workforce Crisis: How to Beat the Coming Shortage of Skills And Talent. Harvard Business Press. HCA. (2016). Is the retired work force the solution to the talent shortage in Australia. Retrieved February 3, 2017, from https://www.hcamag.com/hr-news/is-the-retired-workforce-the-solution-to-the-talent-shortage-in-australia-226920.aspx Beechler, S. Woodward, I.C. (2009). The global war for talent. Journal of international management 15, 273-285. Phillips, D.R. Roper, K.O. (2009). A framework for talent management in real estate. Journal of Corporate Real Estate 11(1), 7-16. Smith, S.D. (2008). The global workforce shortages and the migration of medical professions: the Australian policy response. Australia and New Zealand Health Policy 5(7). Heilmann, P. (2010). To have and to hold: Personnel shortage in a Finnish healthcare organization. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 0, 1-6. Stanley, D. (2010). Multigenerational workforce issues and their implications for leadership in nursing. Journal of Nursing Management 18, 846-852. Tarique, I. Schuler, R.S. (2010). Global talent management: Literature review, integrative framework and suggestions for further research. Journal of World Business 45, 122-133. Freyens, B.P. (2010). Managing skill shortages in the Australian public sector: issues and perspectives. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 48(3), 262-286. Ashiedu, J.A. Ladd, B.D.S. (2012). Understanding teacher attraction and retention drivers: addressing teacher shortages. Australian Journal of Teacher Education 37 (11), 16-35. Pillay, H.K., Kelly, K. Tones, M.J. (2010). Transitional employment aspirations for bridging retirement : implications for training and development. Journal of European Industrial Training, 34(1), 1-27.

Stakeholders of an Organization and their Importance

The stakeholders of an organization include various groups of either people who affect the business directly or indirectly. They are categorized into four major groups as users, contributors, governance, and influencers. Users are those people who will be final consumers of the business goods or services; they are part of the business beneficiaries for instance customers (Cameron, Price, 2009:P.43).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholders of an Organization and their Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Governance are the people who are very interested on how the business is running for instance the management team, auditors etc. influencers are the people are the people who are capable of changing the business views and direction for instance, trade unions. Finally, contributors are those people who are the business suppliers. Business partners as well fall under this category of contributors, and a nyone else providing resources to the business. The most appropriate way of meeting the stakeholders’ needs is first identifying them through the help of the other business team of staffs (Anderson, 2009:P.213). After identification, each group should have a key individual to represent the whole group. These key people should be people who have the authority to make decisions, and who can act as channel of communication to his or her group. Through these key people, one would be able to learn the attitude and the specific interests of every group. As one interacts with these representatives, he or she would easily identify their needs. Once you discover their expectations from the business, it would be easy to discuss with the representatives on how to meet those expectations (Silverman, 2007:P.113). Communication between the business and the stakeholders should be a continuous dialogue. Continuous communication would lead to an effective decision making process. Both interna l and external communication protocols can be used depending on the type of the stakeholders. The business may use internal means of communication such as brochures, and newsletters. Currently, businesses prefer to use the interactive social media methods like the blogs and the social networks like LinkedIn, as they are fast and effective. For the business and its key stakeholders to make decisions quickly, fast means of communication should be adopted to ensure messages are received by the relevant groups and at the right time (Horn, 2009:P.56).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Traditional tools of communication that allowed for only one-way communication is no longer in use. The current social media outlets are giving a two-way communication, immediate feedbacks, and the business as well can hold a discussion with more than one user identities. Any business that considers i ts stakeholders interests is always at a more competitive edge. Each stakeholder in a business has a different interest and expectations that may help the business in policy and project formulation. When the business is implementing its plans and doing evaluation, it is advisable to incorporate the ideas and the interests of the stakeholders to avoid some major problems that may arise in future. The main goals, authority, and relationships among various stakeholders would help the business to facilitate change within the shortest time possible (Horn, 2009:P.82). The stakeholders’ analysis can greatly improve the performance of the business through identifying the needs and the interests of the powerless people in the society. For instance, through the suppliers the business would be in a position to acquire resources at affordable prices, hence reducing the operating expenses and increasing the total revenue. A healthy relationship of the business with he stakeholders would r esult to a well performing business with wide range of connections (Marchington, Wilkinson, 2008:P.102). References Anderson. V. (2009). Research methods in human resource management. 2nd ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Cameron, S. Price, D. (2009). Business research methods: a practical approach. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Stakeholders of an Organization and their Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Horn, R. (2009). Researching and writing dissertations: a complete guide for business  and management students. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Horn, R. (2009). The business skills handbook. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Marchington, M. Wilkinson, A. (2008). Human resource management at work: people  management and development. 4th ed. London: Chartered Ins titute of Personnel and Development. Silverman, D. (2007). A very short, fairly interesting and reasonably cheap book about  qualitative research. London: Sage. This essay on Stakeholders of an Organization and their Importance was written and submitted by user Kaylynn Hebert to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

bioethics gene therapy paper essays

bioethics gene therapy paper essays Genes, which are carried on chromosomes, are the basic physical and functional units of heredity. Genes are specific sequences of bases that encode instructions on how to make proteins. Although genes get a lot of attention, its the proteins that perform most life functions and even make up the majority of cellular structures. When genes are altered so that the encoded proteins are unable to carry out their normal functions, genetic disorders can result. Gene therapy is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development. Researchers may use one of several approaches for correcting faulty genes. In most gene therapy studies, a "normal" gene is inserted into the genome to replace an "abnormal," disease-causing gene. A carrier molecule called a vector must be used to deliver the therapeutic gene to the patient's target cells. Currently, the most common vector is a virus that has been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA. The scientists are trying to make the virus that will work as it should, delivering the right genetic material to the right region. Specifically, to design virus-based vectors that can be injected directly into patients in order to accomplish gene transfer. The long-term goal is to engineer vectors that would target the correct tissue, insert into a safe site in the genome, and be regulated by normal physiological signals.( Anderson, 1999, para. 1) Viruses have evolved a way of encapsulating and delivering their genes to human cells in a pathogenic manner. Scientists have tried to take advantage of this capability and manipulate the virus genome to remove disease-causing genes and insert therapeutic genes. Target cells such as the patient's liver or lung cells are infected with the viral vector. The vector then unloads its genetic material containing the therapeutic human gene into the target cell. The generation of a functional protein product from the therapeutic gene restores ...

Why abortion should not be legal in the U.S Research Paper - 1

Why abortion should not be legal in the U.S - Research Paper Example Secondly, the basic fundamentals of how the law is interpreted in favor of abortion and how this is incorrect will be briefly discussed. Firstly, one must understand that the process of an abortion is a rather violent act. For purposes of this author’s response, the violence that is associated with this procedure will not focus upon the particular manner in which the embryo is deconstructed and removed; rather, the focus will be upon the long-term effects that such a procedure portends for the mother (Emery 1). Whereas many women have abortions for different reasons, the fact of the matter is that healthcare decisions and procedures are usually implemented only at times in which no other alternative is readily available. As such, risking the current and future fertile health of the mother in such an unnecessary process is both foolish and shortsighted. Due to the fact that alternatives exist, one is left to answer a rhetorical question revolving around why someone would willfully put their body through such a process (Rothsgrove 1). Although many other factors play into the choice of whether or not to receive an abortion, the one that is concentric upon the health, well-being, and future fertility of the mother is of primal importance to this author. Due to the fact that the damages sustained during an abortion are oftentimes non-reversible and life-altering, such a course of action may well need to be outlawed until a method that is not nearly so harmful to a woman’s health is able to be produced. Rothsgrove, Carl. "9 Reasons Why Abortions Should Be Illegal." 9 Reasons Why Abortions Should Be Illegal. N.p., 15 Nov. 2012. Web. 15 Nov. 2012.

A Comparison of the Passion Narratives of the Gospels of Matthew and Essay

A Comparison of the Passion Narratives of the Gospels of Matthew and John - Essay Example The paper throws light on the Passion of Jesus, which refers to the sufferings that the Lord has experienced from the moment He is arrested at Gethsemane to His Death on the cross, is told in all four Gospels. In the Gospel of Matthew, it can be found in Matthew 26:47-27:61 and in the Gospel of John it is found in John 18:1-19:42. These two Gospels both have similarities and differences on the account of the Passion. Furthermore, a number of these similarities and differences may have profound theological implications. One of the differences between the Gospels is when it comes to the arrest of Jesus where Matthew gives a longer account of the events while John gives a shorter one and does not mention any kiss of betrayal from Judas. In all three synoptic Gospels including Matthew, Judas turns to the crowd he is with and gives them a signal saying â€Å"The man I kiss is the one you want. Arrest him!†. Judas then approaches Jesus and says, â€Å"Peace be with you, Teacher!â⠂¬  but to which Jesus replies, â€Å"Be quick about it, friend†. John, on the other hand, never mentions any exchange of words between Jesus and Judas, who was mentioned to be just standing with the crowd, but rather only between the former and the crowd of soldiers themselves. Jesus asks them, â€Å"Who is it you are looking for?† and when they say â€Å"Jesus of Nazareth†, Jesus replies, â€Å"If, then, you are looking for me, let these others go†. The role of Judas in the Gospel of John during the arrest is not underlined and is presumably a minor one. Upon the arrest of Jesus, a disciple of His cuts off the ear of the High Priest’s slave with a sword. While in Matthew the disciple and the slave are both unnamed, John identifies them as Simon Peter and Malchus. It is also interesting to note that in the Gospel of Matthew, Jesus reprimands the disciple who is assumed to be Peter, by saying, â€Å"Put your sword back in its place†¦All who take the sword will die by the sword.† (Matt. 26:52) On the trial of Jesus, the Gospel of John mentions that Jesus has first been taken to Annas, the father-in-law of Caiaphas, who was the High Priest that year (Jn. 18:13). Nevertheless, the Gospel of Matthew mentions of no such thing. Although John does not indicate whether the trial of Jesus before Annas is visible to the crowd, the complete account is found in John 18:19-24. Based on John’s narration of the trial, it is interesting to note that Jesus seems to defy Annas’ authority by saying, â€Å"†I have always spoken publicly to everyone†¦Why, then do you question me? Question the people who heard me†¦they know what I said† (Jn. 18:20-21). After which, Jesus is taken to Caiaphas, which both John and Matthew mentions. Nevertheless, it is Matthew who gives a rather full account of Jesus’ trial before Caiaphas. Perhaps one of the most important statements of Jesus stated by Matthew is this: â€Å"From this time on you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right side of the Almighty and coming on the clouds of heaven† (Matt. 26:64), which Caiaphas himself considers blasphemous. During the death sentence of Jesus that follows, it is interesting to note that, according to Matthew, Pilate’s wife sends him a message while he is sitting in the judgment hall right after Jesus’ trial. The message of Pilate’s wife says, â€Å"Have nothing to do with that innocent man, because in a dream last night I suffered much on account of Him† (Matt. 27:19). Nevertheless, John does not mention of such a message. Moreover, while Matthew mentions nothing of where Jesus has been presented during the death sentence, John makes reference to â€Å"The Stone Pavement† or â€Å"Gabbatha.† (Jn. 19:13) Another striking difference between the Gospels of Matthew and John when it comes to the events surrounding the crucifixion is the fact that John

Dictatorships in the World Today Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dictatorships in the World Today - Term Paper Example This has resulted in a global demand for capitalism, democracy, and individual rights. The 2010 and 2011 protests in the Middle East and North Africa corroborate this observation to the extent that those uprisings were motivated by, and carried out on behalf of, an opposition to dictatorial rule. Even one of the last few true dictatorships in the world, which is the reign of Muammar Al-Gaddafi, is under attack right now from American-supported rebels in the Libyan Civil War. This wave of change means that while dictatorships remain in the world in a few particular places, it seems that in only a decade the world may not have the problems associated with dictatorial rule. A poignant example of dictatorship in today’s world is the hereditary succession of Kim Il-Sung (â€Å"the Great Leader†) and Kim Jong-Il of North Korea (â€Å"the Dear Leader†). Kim Jong-Il represents dictatorship because of the cult of personality that he attracts from the citizens of North Kor ea. As opposed to modern democracies, which tend to rely on notions of politicians as pragmatic champions of the people, a cult of personality attracts an idealized or heroic public imagery to an individual. That is, instead of merely arguing for policies conducive to a better life for average citizens, a leader like Kim Il-Sung or Kim Jong-Il is thought to be directly responsible for a country’s success and he does this through absolute authority. Kim Jong-Il in particular is thought of having god-like powers, control of magic, and the ability to perform feats that no other men can (Kang & Rigoulot, 2005). In addition, nationwide celebrations are held for his birthdays. The motivations behind these celebrations are partly that the citizens of North Korean truly respect him, or that they fear punishment for not partaking (Mansourov, 2007). In this manner, the regime of North Korea truly represents a modern dictatorship. Like North Korea, the country of Libya is led by a dicta tor who commands instant respect from his people. Colonel Muammar Al-Gaddafi, who is the unofficial leader of the Libyan government, operates under the title of â€Å"Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution†, which refers to the late 1960s Socialist coup d’etat that Al-Gaddafi led. In many ways, Al-Gaddafi fits the mold of a 20th century dictator. Today, his regime is defined by condemnable acts, including the outlawing of dissent, removal of foreign languages from schools, censoring of the press, central planning of the economy, assassinations of foreign leaders abroad, the creation of weapons of mass destruction program, and sponsorship of the Lockerbie bombing incident (BBC, 2009). Unlike the North Korean regime, the Libyan government led by Al-Gaddafi has been challenged in the Libyan Civil War and as of 2011, the government controls only half of the country due to resistance from the uprising. Despite Al-Gaddafi’s explicitly and well-known dictatorial style, he has forged connections with a broad base of European and Asian powers to boost the status of Libya in the world. For instance, he brokered deals with French President Nicolas Sarkozy in 2007 and met with Russian leaders in 2008 to discuss the supply of weapons to Libya (Reuters, 2008). In addition, the Chinese government has extensive economic interest tied with Libya with regard to the growing demand for oil in East Asia (Ford,

Simplified Soft Decision Decoding of LDPC codes

Simplified Soft Decision Decoding of LDPC codes MARUTHI L N K S GURUMURTHY Abstract LDPC codes gained importance since its re-discovery by Mackay and Neil based on Tanner Graph. This paper presents the implementation of forward error correction soft-input, soft-output decoding process that efficiently decodes the received set of data under low signal-to-noise ratios due to which the errors are reduced and hence transmission time is greatly reduced. The implemented algorithm is less complex and does not require knowledge of signal-to-noise-ratio of the received data-path. INTRODUCTION Error correction coding techniques came into existence after existence of channel capacity theorem by Shannon, the father of information theory in 1948 on reliable communication over noisy transmission channels. Thereafter, many coding techniques were developed for efficient coding techniques, like Hamming, Golay and many other techniques were developed. Though Gallagher in 1962 developed LDPC codes, the method employed was not optimal. Hence it was not reviewed for last 3 decades, until 1992, when a paper â€Å"Near Shannon limit error correcting coding and decoding: turbo codes† presented by Berrou, Glavieux and Thitimajshima changed the trend followed by researchers for the past 5 decades. And now, we are aiming to develop such codes through another strategy. The coding gain provided by this method is much higher when compared to other coding systems. The LDPC codes are becoming more popular because of their reduced power for transmission and less complex logic to achieve l ow BER’s which is very essential for reliable transmission over noisy channels. LDPC CODES Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes are a powerful class of forward error correction codes developed by Gallagher in 1962, practically implemented by MacKay in 1995. Low Density refers to less number of 1’s in the Parity Check Matrix (H) of Block Codes. Block codes are a type of Error Correction Codes which uses a Generator Matrix(G) to produces a Code-word of length n for message(D) of length k, where n-k is the redundancy bits added to make a Code-word of length n, higher the redundancy higher the error correction capability and higher the Bandwidth. Hence, there is a trade-off between error correction capability and bandwidth. C=D.G The size of the Matrix G is (n, n-k) and the size of the Matrix H is (n-k, n). Usually redundancy is defined by the term â€Å"code rate† which is given by R=k/n This varies from  ½ to 1/6. The Encoder produces a Code-word which satisfy the condition C.HT=0 If R is the received data from the Transmitter then the acknowledgement of the correct data received is given by the Syndrome(S). S=R.HT The value of S obtained by the above calculation determines whether the received data is free from error or not, i.e. if S=0 then the received data is free from error, otherwise the received data has an error. Since this property is very useful to reduce the calculation time if we receive the data correctly as soon as we receive data. The probability that the received data needs to be retransmitted which in the range of 10-6 to 10-8. Encoding the data as required is an easy process, but decoding the data effectively and efficiently is a very hard process. The proposed algorithm uses the basic concept of block codes, i.e. R=C+E Where R=noise corrupted vector C=Code vector transmitted over noisy channel E=Error vector. The receiver does not know C and E; its function is to decode C from R, and the message D from C. PROPOSED ALGORITHM The base for LDPC decoding algorithm proposed is as described by MacKay and Neil in 1997. Following are the steps that briefly describe the algorithm STEP 1: INITIALIZATION Let rj be the received vector, i.e. the data received from the Gaussian channel We calculate the components of the vectors d02( j), and d12( j) as: d02( j)= (rj+1)2 d12( j)= (rj-1)2 j = 1, 2, . . . , n (1) These first soft estimates of the code symbols are used to initialise the algorithm by setting the following coefficients q0ij and q1ij at each symbol node q0ij= d02( j) q1ij= d12( j) j = 1, 2, . . . , n, i = 1, 2. . . , . n-k, (2) To eliminate the effect of zero in the calculation the expressions for the calculations can be reduced as shown below ln(em+en) = max(m,n) + ln(1+ e-|m-n|) log2(2m+2n) = max(m,n) + ln(1+ 2-|m-n|)(3) The tables required for calculations are computed using the above formula. The complexity is greatly reduced and the reliability of the transmission of signal is increased. STEP 2: HORIZONTAL STEP aij= f+(q0ij , q1 ij ) bij= −f−(q0ij , q1ij) if (−q 0ij ) ≠¥ (−q1ij ) sij= 0 else sij= 1 cij= ikik if ik is even r0n,ij= −f+(0, cij ) r1n,ij= f−(0, cij ) if ik is odd r0n,ij= f−(0, cij ) r1n,ij= −f+(0, cij ) STEP 3: VERTICAL STEP q0ij= d02 (j) + 0n,ij q1ij= d12 (j) + 1n,ij STEP 4: DECISION rm0ij=r0n,ij+ q0ij rm1ij=r1n,ij+ q1ij if rm02(j)12(j) then c(j) = 1 else c(j) = 0 The LUT entries used in the proposed algorithm for equation (3) and the exact value obtained will vary as shown in the figure. Comparison of BER performance of (8 * 12) LDPC SSD decoder (10 iterations) Comparison of BER performance of (8 * 12) LDPC SSD decoder (50 iterations) As explained above, for higher precision the number of iterations is increased to obtain the same performance of the exact equation. The obtained results approach towards the complex algorithm developed by Gallagher with simple iterative approach and provides a high coding gain compared to uncoded signal. And it provides higher performance at larger iterations. This algorithm provides even higher performance for large length codes. CONCLUSION In this paper we have described Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes and decoding of these codes using low complexity algorithms. LDPC codes are used now-a-days in communication systems that take advantage of parallelism, good error correction and high through put. This led to the new algorithm which could decode the errors and yet give similar BER performance as the complex algorithms without the knowledge of the channel noise parameters like variance. This new algorithm is based on repeated use of an antilog-sum operation, and has been simulated on the Tanner graph representation of several LDPC codes and this algorithm can be regarded as a generalized form of belief propagation, where the belief propagated is Euclidean distance estimate rather than a probability estimate. The advantages of the new algorithm are that the performance is as good as the complex algorithm provided the value of base of the logarithm is used properly; that knowledge of noise is not required and that in the simplified form the algorithm needs only additions/subtractions, comparisons and two look-up tables avoiding the use of quotients and products operations that are of high complexity in practical implementations especially using FPGA technology. REFERENCES 1] R.G. Gallager, â€Å"Low Density Parity Check Codes†, IRE Trans. Information Theory, IT-8, 21-28 (1962). 2] D.J.C. Mackay and R.M. Neal, â€Å"Near Shannon limit performance of low density parity check codes,† Electronics Letters, vol. 33, pp 457-458 (1997). 3] L. Arnone, C. Gayaso, C. Gonzalez and J. Castineira, â€Å"Sum-Subtract Fixed Point LDPC Decoder,† Latin American Applied Research, vol. 37, pp 17-20 (2007). 4] Castineira Moreira, Farrell P.G.: â€Å"Essentials of error control coding†, Wiley (2006). 5] Castineira Moreira J., Farrell, P.G.: â€Å"Soft-decision SISO decoding of error-control codes†, Proc. 13th Int. Conf. on telecommunications (SENACITEL ’08), Valdivia, Chile, 12-15 November 2008. 6] L. Arnone, Castineira Moreira, Farrell P.G.: â€Å"FPGA implementation of a Euclidean distance metric SISO decoder,† Int. Symposium on communication theory and applications (ISCTA’09), Ambleside, UK, July 2009. 7] P.G. Farrell, L.Arnone, J. Castineira Moreira: â€Å"Euclidean distance soft-input soft-output decoding algorithm for low density parity check codes,† IET comm. Vol.5, Iss. 16, pp. 2364-2370, (2011). 8] J. Castineira Moreira, M. Rabini, C. Gonzalez, C. Gayaso, L. Arnone: â€Å"FPGA implementation of two very low complexity LDPC decoders,† IEEE papers, (2011). 9] Simon Haykin: â€Å"Digital communications†, John Wiley sons (2006). 10] Bernard Sklar, Pabitra K. Ray: â€Å"Digital communications: fundamentals and applications†, 2nd edn. Pearson education (2009). 11] Shu Lin, Daniel J. Costello Jr.: â€Å"Error Control coding†, 2nd edn. Pearson education (2004). 12] Moon T. K.: â€Å"Error correction coding- mathematical methods and algorithms†, Wiley (2005).

Women and the American Revolution Essay -- Essays on American Revoluti

Women generally did not fight in the revolution, and the traditional status of Eighteenth Century women meant that they were not publicly able to participate fully in the debates over the revolution. However, in their own sphere, and sometimes out of it, woman participated fully in the revolution in all the ways that their status and custom allowed. As the public debate over the Townshend Acts grew more virulent, women showed their support for the cause of freedom by engaging in certain "feminine" pursuits. A common practice was to publicly ban English imports, especially tea, from their homes. Creating homespun, that is, the tedious creation of homemade fabric from spinning and weaving their own cloth, was another public way of showing support for the cause of freedom. During the American Revolution, many women were directly affected by the fighting since their father or brothers or husband or sons were off fighting. This meant that the women often had to take full responsibility for the family farm or business. More and more women became "deputy husbands" and represented the family in legal or commercial transactions. In some instances, as the fighting came close to their lands, women even had to take up arms to defend their person or property when the occasion demanded. Several women in Groton, Massachussetts, put on their husbands' clothing, armed themselves with muskets and pitchforks and defended the Nashua River Bridge. They captured a notoriou...